| Environnement, ingénierie & développement |  |
N°24 - 4ème Trimestre 2001
1. Éditorial n°24 Déchets Sciences et Techniques: Tendances en métrologie environnementale : méthodes alternatives et mesures non paramétriques
Disposer de méthodes simples de mesure afin de répondre le plus précisément possible aux besoins environnementaux (respect des normes, diagnostic/évolution, conduite de procédés, …) est un enjeu important. L’évolution des techniques analytiques dans le domaine de l’analyse des substances dangereuses, de composés traces ou de la spéciation, s’accompagne également d’efforts en matière de qualité (démarche métrologique), mais aussi du développement de méthodes simples et rapides (méthodes alternatives) et de l’apparition du concept de mesure non paramétrique.
2. Évaluation de l’impact des lixiviats d’une décharge d’ordures ménagères sur la qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux d’un ruisseau de Franche-Comté
To evaluate the landfill leachate impact on the stream water quality, we assessed the spatial evolution of several abiotic and biotic parameters in Etueffont domestic landfill (Belfort, France). The samples were taken in 13 June 1999 with a Van-Dorn bottle from upstream to downstream. The study showed that leachate rejection resulted in an increase of the pH, NO3 -, Cl- and COD concentrations in the first meters after rejection. In downstream, however the reverse was quoted. Bacterial abundance increased from upstream to downstream with no relationship between this biological compartment and leachate rejection. Finally, it seems likely that the abilities of self regulation of brook were higher to the leachate-induced pollution.
3. La matière organique dans une filière de biodénitrification sur substrat ligno-cellulosique : composition, évolution et demande en chlore
Conventional treatment of groundwater with high nitrate content, i.e. bio-denitrification on a lingo-cellulose substrate and chlorination, is not sufficient to meet standards regarding levels of chlorination byproducts, particularly trihalomethanes (THMs). One way of overcoming this problem may be to add an aeration step followed by filtration on activated carbon grains and sand.The primary aim of this study was to contribute to determining the identity and origin of organic micropollutants in treated waters. The phenolic fraction extracted from the treated water and the substrate is of particular interest, for the following reasons :- Phenols are know precursors of trihalomethanes ;- Since lingo-cellulose material is used for denitrification, there is a risk that traces of poisonous aromatic compounds will be released.The secondary aim was to determine the extent to which further treatment, using aeration and filtration on activated carbon grains and sand, is effective in eliminating the precursors of chlorination by-products.Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy were used to analyse phenolic extract of the natural substrate, groundwater and treated waters (denitrified, denitrified-aerated, and denitrified-aerated-filtered). Compounds identified in groundwater belonged to three chemical families :- Phenols and quinines, indicative of decomposing plant material ;- Fatty acid derivatives containing C14, C16 and C18, of plant or animal origin, characteristic of biological […]
4. Localisation d’une pollution au cuivre dans un réseau d’assainissement
Water treatment leads on the one hand to purified water and on the other hand to large amount of sludge. This by-product is representative of the quality of dirty water because it concentrates its metallic pollutants.Copper is a trace element essential for the growing of plants. But the soil must not contain too large amounts of this metal, because of its toxicity.This situation limits the re-use of the wastewater sludge in agriculture for Sogest’s water treatment plant "A". That’s why a new localisation method of copper pollution was developed in dirty water ducts, using the affinity of terrestrial bryophytes for copper.After a nine days accumulation period in the sewers, the bryophytes are mineralised and the product of this mineralisation is analysed by polarography, using the principle of anodic redissolution.A 300 ppm concentration of copper in the bryophyte is characteristic of a “non polluted” wastewater. Thanks to this method, we localize two places where the concentration of copper in the bryophyte is distinctly higher.
5. Impact de la salinité de l'eau sur la qualité du sol et la betterave à sucre Beta vulgaris L.
Salinity poses several problems for plant growth and development by inducing physiological disfunctions. Species and varieties are however known to vary widely in their ability to tolerate salts. The use of salt tolerant species can contribute to a best valorization of salt soil. It is well known that Sugar beet is tolerant salts, and this can serve as an alternative culture in regions affected or abandonned because of excescive salinity. The aim of this study is the characterization of the quality of soil, growth and percentage of sugar of Beet cultivated in salty environment. A test in pot culure is effectued by imposing six levels (0,64 - 2,9 - 5,8 - 8,7 - 11,68 and 14,6 g/l) of NaCl. In this treatment, the soil used is wealth in organic matters (2,12%), and is characterized by a low initial salinity (CEs1:5 water soil extract 0,225 ds/m), a low alkalin pH (7,75) and a texture limono-sableuse. The variety of Sugar beet tested is Mribomagnapoly multigerm of type E, which was collected 170 days after the sowing. The study Shows that at concentration of NaCl higher than 8,76 g/l, the soil present an accumulation of solubles salts (salinization) and sodium (solarization). The growth was significantly affected at 11,68 g/l of NaCl concentration.The root seem to be less affected by water salinity than shoots: the dry weights reduction percentage of shoot and root is 48% and 39% respectively. On the other hand, salinity stress is responsible for Sodium accumulation and Potassium […]
6. Contribution à l’étude d’impact de l’épandage d’eaux usées brutes sur l’environnement dans la région de Zemamra (province d’El Jadida, Maroc)
The wastewater of Zemamra (domestic rejects, sugar refinery’s, the slaughterhouse) transport important quantities in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, pathogens micro-organisms and parasites eggs. This wastewater are evacuated in a canal to open sky to the Southwest of the city where they are spread in the receiver middle (daya Z3). These mode of wastewater evacuation constitute a threat for natural resources and sanitary risks for the population in contact with these waters. Physic-chemical analyses of the soil where undertakes the spreading have shown that the ground is rich in nitrogen, in salts and contains the parasites eggs. The electric conductivity of the soil the daya Z3 has exceeded 8 ms/cm in 1995. Well situated near these receiver milieus have them CE > 4 ms/cm, rate of nitrates, chlorides, very raised sodium. Indeed most of well situated beside the daya Z3 do not reply to potability norms.
7. Déchets de chantier de bâtiment et maîtrise d’ouvrage
Planning in progress of the management of waste of building sites concerns in particular the projects managers of building who pay so that waste is managed suitably and which is often producers of a part of produced waste. After having treated responsibilities and methods for making market so that he induce good practices, this article, starting from various known elements and of conventions on the operations of management of waste, provides an indication on the cost of their management in new building, deconstruction and rehabilitation. In new building the cost of management of waste depends on the type of construction, the average value of 0,2 % of cost of work can be reasonably advanced and, for the social housing, the surer value of 0,4 %. It is more hazardous to determine the cost of management of waste, for the operation of deconstruction –also called demolition- or rehabilitation, even if respectively 20 % and 1,4 % appear plausible with national level. Three major uncertainty causes are announced: the contrast between calculated quantity of wood treated classified as hazardous waste for the deconstruction and the rehabilitation, the quantity of waste for each category which comes out from calculations and not from observations, the insufficiency of knowledge on the economic importance of the deconstruction sector.
8. Étude des polluants atmosphériques émis dans deux centres de stockage des ordures ménagères
We have a lack of knowledge about the existence of risks for the health related with domestic garbage elimination in municipal solid waste landfills. In the aim of obtaining more data, a multidisciplinary approach has been developed and applied to two sites:- chemical and microbiological metrology of sources;- metrology of selected pollutants and microorganism analysis in the ambient air at several places of work, as well as in immediate periphery and close to the first dwellings;- measure of these pollutants in lichens;- experimental survey in laboratory of rats living on landfill soils;- survey of health parameters in workers of the sites compared to non exposed men employed in other commercial of industrial activities.In fact, concentrations of pollutants are low, with the exception of total dusts, manganese and microorganisms. The volatile organic compounds (VOC) are present on the celle in operation, because of the traffic of diesel trucks. The same observation is done for PAH, which are closed to the urban environment levels. High total dusts levels have been measured (but the levels of alveolar dusts were low). Manganese is the more representative metal, which is also recovered in lichens. Concentrations of microorganisms are high (100 at 1000 times what one recovers in classic environment), with the presence of pollution picks, and characteristic monomorphic bacteria and fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium).Respiratory symptoms and cutaneous irritation are more often […]