| Environnement, ingénierie & développement |  |
N°8 - 4ème Trimestre 1997
1. Techniques immuno-enzymatiques appliquées à l'analyse des sols pollués
lmmuno chemical methods reveal themselves as a complementary analytical tool to the standardized methods, allowing to assess quickly and in a semi-quantitative way the contamination of a soil. Here, the study of a PCB contaminated area enabled to determine its specificity and its quality through the comparison with a standardized technique. Nevertheless, a right and rigorous use and the interpretation of the results need an accurate knowledge of the method's principle, of its scope and limits.
2. Étude de la pollution des sols moldaves par des hydrocarbures : prélèvement, extraction et analyses du sol du dépôt d'huile d’Orhei
The soil pollution study of a motor oil storage area (Orhei-Moldova) has been made at INSA Lyon. Conditions of sampling, pollutants extraction and gas chromatography analysis are described. The results are examinated to obtain conclusions about the impact pollution.
3. Facteurs de variation en évaluation des risques pour la santé liés aux sites et sols pollués
Quantitative risk assessment is a definite and structured method of analysis. Although, many factors playing a part in the caiculation can affect the results. There are a lot of sources of incertitudes and variabilities in chronic risk assessment for human health. Modelled phenomena are hardly known (doses-responses relationships, bioconcentration in the food chain, biodegradation...), data are incertain (measures of concentrations in media, ingestion of soll...), and more or less variable (physiological features, individual's lifestyle). In this paper, some examples on the caiculation of risk due to polluted soils and acceptable soil pollution levels are given. Many ways of caiculating are possible. We chose three differents ways (a french one, a dutch one and a californian one). Using differents toxicological data, modeis and at a least level parameters can give results varying of several Orders of magnitude. in this incertain and variable environment, the risk assessor has to choose options. These choices need to be described, explained and if possible justified.
4. Valorisation de mâchefers stabilisés pour le confortement de carrières souterraines: Étude du comportement à long terme
With the new development of the Beaulieu District in Caen (France), the city of Caen awarded to Soletanche Bachy support works for underground quarries.In place of traditional material used for this kind of works, a new mortar, based on MSWI bottom ash and specially developed by Inertec, was monitoring panel, set up by the supervisory agencies.In application of French and European normalization works on long term behavior determination (X30- 407 methodology), an assessment study has been started by Inertec, in collaboration with Ademe (French Agency for Environment). The first results of the study, presented in this paper, are indicating that bottom ash mortar in the quarries will have a negligible impact on underground water quality.These first results will have to be compared to on site results during several years, in order to have a reliable validation.
5. Développement durable : comment changer de cap ?
6. Le déchet dans le faisceau des sciences : une horloge chaotique
This study is about the linguistic and etymologic term on the notion of material corruption : from this terms, these needs are inventoried the elements of a semantic series of the wast category. The primitiv linguistic term is the indo-european term kadere. Every term in this semantic list is element of cognitiv and perceptiv constitution wich includes a concept of material sub ject pattern. The « déchet » term is insert in a paradigmatic chain with other words as refuse, scrap, gar bage, leavings, leftovers, fragment, rubbish, smash, wreckage ... The disqualification concern several level : the dirt, the corruption, the toxic impact, the danger ... ln a second part, we tried to analyse the science which are introduct every term of the semantic series and therefore every level of wast material reality. We have build a distribution model thid terms with a timing structure: a chaotic dock of« déchéance » semantic series. ln thies one material dramaturgy of time, beginning every thing she does is entire and complete, next is progressiv degraded, ab-ject becoms science object: for the rudology, for the toxicology, for the thanatology, for the criminology .... lt implies the reinscription of any term's of garbage series in a different science.
7. Environnement et technico-économie des procédés industriels: Partie 2 : la rareté des ressources
The rarity of energy reserves is shown to be a very relative criterion, which depends on the exploitation cost of the energy sources. An “ecological” price of energy is defined, which is about two to three times the present price, and which corresponds to the exploitation, without limits, of the renewable energy sources. The natural provision of ten chemical elements will be exhausted during the coming 50 years. The raw materials for the industries will come essentially from the recycled human scraps.
8. Valorisation de fines minérales industrielles : Cas de résidus schisteux de concassage
Crushing rocks give fillers which are not really used at the present time. This study deals with the crushing waste of brioverian schists. The idea developed here is the recycling by making insulating materials. The weight reduction has been made by two means: by the creation of cells by an air entraining agent and by the addition of wood aggregates. Several granulometric gradations have been studied. The analysis of mechanical strength have shown a possible development without a separation in granular classes.
9. Quel test de toxicité chronique sur invertébrés faut-il choisir pour l’évaluation de la dangerosité des déchets ?
ln this article, the 7-d Ceriodaphnia dubia and 21-d Daphnia magna tests, which can be used for the ecotoxicology assessment of wastes, are presented. The main differences between them are discussed and commented. They show that it would be preferable to use the 7-d C. dubia test than the 21-d D. magna test for the ecotoxicology assessment of wastes. Some results are presented and confirmed this statement.