Environnement, ingénierie & développement |
La politique des déchets s’inscrit totalement dans la stratégie nationale pour le développement durable. Elle répond à des enjeux primordiaux : maîtriser les impacts de la gestion des déchets sur l’environnement et le changement climatique ; préserver la population vis-à-vis des risques sanitaires ; respecter les exigences croissantes liées à la politique et aux réglementations européennes ; développer les capacités nécessaires de traitement et de stockage ; et enfin maîtriser les coûts. Ces enjeux ont conduit le gouvernement à mettre la prévention de la production de déchets au premier rang des priorités, avec le développement du recyclage et de la valorisation, ainsi qu’un meilleur recueil et partage de l’information. Trois objectifs majeurs auxquels les actions de R&D apportent une contribution essentielle.La prévention de la production est ainsi au premier rang des priorités de la recherche dans ce domaine. Mais parce que les déchets continueront toujours à exister, il faut aussi améliorer les technologies de valorisation et d’élimination, tout comme les méthodes de collectes et l’organisation territoriale.
The increasing ecological awareness of anthropic activities on environment induces numerous development in the field of gaseous emissions treatment processes. On the one hand, gaseous effluent depollution by photocatalysis with TiO2 as photocatalyst is particularly and widely studied and new application technologies are regularly designed. On the other hand, regulations become more and more restrictives and due to a growing societal consciousness, public administration and private societies have to realise the safety study of their plants.This article proposes a hazard and risk analysis associated to the gaseous effluents photocatalysis processes based on the use of MOSAR method (Method Organised Systematic Analysis of Risk). This leads first to a macroscopic study of the plant to identify sub-systems describing the experimental set-up, then to the risks analysis and their evaluation for each one. In a complementary step, the description of undesired events scenarios and their evaluation with a Gravity vs Probability grid. The final step corresponds to the search of technological and organizational prevention and protection barriers to improve users safety.
The present study emphasizes the importance of metal and metalloid speciation in landfill effluents.The presence of metallic elements in the waste is largely documented, but just few studies focus on their speciation. Due to the wide differences of toxicity between the various chemical forms of an element, the speciation is a key parameter to any toxicological studies. Organometallic compounds, originally present or generated in the waste, play an important role in the impact of the landfill effluents. In this environment, the important biological activity can enhance their formation. Depending on the considered element, the toxicity of the organic compounds can be higher than the inorganic compound one. The coupling of chromatographic techniques (high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography) with mass spectrometry allows the detection of different arsenic and tin species in the effluents of a French landfill. The occurrence of methylated species of arsenic and tin has been turned out in leachates and biogases of this investigated landfill.
The fate of heavy metals is one of the main problems that operators of solid waste incineration plants have to deal with to reduce the overall environmental impact of the plant and of the ultimate residue. The question is : should the process conditions avoid toxic metal vaporisation, thus increasing their concentration in bottom ash ? Or, on the contrary, should they favour metal release in combustion gases, thus requiring the highest performance air pollution control (APC) systems and stabilising materials? In order to examine the industrial impact of these two possibilities, we are currently developing two complementary approaches.The first one is concerned with the fate of heavy metals in incineration of municipal wastes and sludge, and coal combustion. We characterised physico-chemically the ultimate residues, and we developed a complete thermodynamic and experimental study of the behaviour of heavy metals in waste incinerators and coal combustors. We developed a general method (inverse method) to identify the kinetics of vaporisation of heavy metals from the on-line analysis of the exhaust gas of solid waste incineration. The second approach deals with the transformation of heavy metals contained in fly ash and dredged materials into phosphate components, using orthophosphate as stabilising agent.The technique involves a chemical treatment followed by a thermal treatment (sintering), that reduce the leachability of heavy metals. Better knowledge of thermal treatment of […]
Le contexte règlementaire de la gestion des déchets induit de nombreux changements au sein des canaux de distribution inversée. L’objectif est de comprendre, a travers l’étude du leadership reconnu, les raisons qui freinent le respect réglementaire. Pour cela, une revue de littérature nous permettra de dégager trois variables du leader reconnu : efficience, légitimité et expertise. Puis, les représentations des acteurs nous permettrons d’appliquer ces variables a chaque acteur : prestataires (ou grossistes) et entreprises productrices. Les résultats indiquent qu’aucun des acteurs ne possède l’ensemble des variables du leader reconnu.